From 1983 onwards, Lynn Margulis would travel to Spain to lecture and do research with Spanish colleagues. Her innovative work and ideas were recognized with four honorary doctorates from Spanish universities (Autonomous University of Madrid, University of Valencia, Autonomous University of Barcelona, and University of Vigo.) She participated in three international symposia organized by Fundación Ramón Areces: “New Frontiers in Microbial Ecology and Meeting on the International Activities of ASM” (Barcelona, 2001), “Microbiology Societies of Spain, Portugal and Latin America. Challenges for the 21st Century” (Madrid, 2003), and “The Microbes Contribution to Biology” (Barcelona, 2006).